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INTERNATIONAL DISASTER SIGNAL
In the mountains, six missiles launched sequentially and equipped with a noise or whistle device are an international distress signal. The interval between signals should be 1 minute. In the dark, you can give a distress signal with six flashes of the signal light. The distress response is three flashes or noise rockets. The signal is also repeated at intervals of 1 min.
The search for water and food
It is difficult to find food in the mountains, but on high cliffs and rocks it is generally absent. In the lowlands and on the slopes near the bottom of the mountain you can meet mountain goats and sheep, but it is very difficult to get to them, since they are constantly on guard. The only way to get to the herd a short distance is a slow, silent movement on the leeward side of the herd, while it is grazed and the heads of animals are tilted to the ground. Remember that mountain goats move perfectly along mountains and rocks, unlike you, so you need to be very careful when chasing them so as not to get hurt and mutilate. Edible plants can also grow on the slopes at the bottom of the mountain (see the chapter on food). But in any case, in case of disaster in the mountains, the main priority is to go down to the valley, where you will have enough food.
Water in the highlands is much more common. Melt snow or ice or collect rainwater and you will get clean water that you can drink without additional purification.
FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BRITISH CAC
Shelter and overnight in the mountains
If you are in distress in the mountains, take advantage of the invaluable and expensive experience gained by the military personnel of the Special Aviation Shelter and Overnight in the Highlands.
• If it is not possible to find shelter between rocks and stones, dig a hole in the snow.
• An impromptu sleeping bag is obtained from a large plastic bag.
• While on a slope, lay your head up on a slope for the night.
• On uneven rocky ground it is better and more comfortable to sleep on your stomach.
Shelter Construction
Due to the fact that the slopes of the mountains, in any case in the highlands, are covered mainly with stones, snow and ice, you will have little to choose from when choosing material for shelter. It is best to dig a hole in the snow if you have any trench tool. If there is any cutting or sawing device, you can build a snow cave (see the chapter on the polar regions). Do not waste extra time building a shelter in the highlands.
The main task for you is to create a shelter from the wind. After a short rest, start the descent from the mountain to the valley. The faster you find yourself there, the better.
If you still need to build a shelter in the highlands, make a fire in it without fail in order to warm yourself. As fuel for a fire, use everything that can burn - wood, grass, you can successfully fire a fire with dried goat excrement, if available. If possible, build a wall reflector.
Golden rules
No matter what terrain you may be in, getting water, food and gaining shelter will be your top priorities in extreme situations. In addition, you need accurate knowledge of first aid for the injured, ropes, knots, signaling and navigation.
Water
Of all the components of the survival algorithm, water is the most important and necessary. There is no life without water, and therefore everyone and everyone should know where to look for water, how to get it if you have to survive away from civilization.
In an extreme situation, under certain conditions, a person can do without food for a long time. Without water, he faces imminent death in a few days. Thus, for a person struggling to survive, finding or getting water is the number one priority.
Requirements
In temperate climates, an adult needs at least 2.5 liters of water per day. Even if you are inactive or minimize physical activity, you need plenty of water to make up for the following losses:
• With URINE, a person loses at least 1.5 liters of water per day;
• WITH THEN, about 0.1 l of water per day is lost;
• WITH DEFENSE, about 0.2 L of water per day is lost;
• due to SKIN DIFFUSION - the penetration of water molecules through skin cells - more than 0.4 l of water per day is lost.
• Due to EVAPORATION THROUGH LUNGS - humidification of the air entering the lungs through contact with the fluid covering the inner surface of the lungs - some fluid is also lost.
Thus, daily it is necessary to drink water in sufficient quantities. The need for water increases even more if you are affected by the following factors:
• HEAT. With an increase in ambient temperature, a person can lose up to 4 liters of water per hour with perspiration.
• PHYSICAL EXERCISE. Due to physical exertion, the loss of water through pulmonary evaporation increases due to an increase in the frequency and depth of breathing, as well as through perspiration.
• COLD. As the temperature drops, the amount of water vapor in the air decreases. Loss of body fluid through pulmonary evaporation is increasing.
• RISE TO ALTITUDE (REDUCED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. An increase in fluid loss occurs both due to a decrease in the ambient temperature (see above) and due to an increase in the frequency and depth of breathing in a rarefied atmosphere.
• BURNS. With burns, the upper layers of the skin, preventing the diffusion of water from the body, are destroyed. Diffusion increases by several orders of magnitude.
• PAIN CONDITION. Loss of fluid increases if the patient suffers from sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Dehydration is in itself a very life-threatening phenomenon. Invisible in the early stages, it obscures the mind, and through this reduces your will to live. Thirst and dehydration should be considered by you as very serious opponents. Their symptoms are as follows: loss of appetite, apathy, nervousness, drowsiness, emotional instability, delirium, impaired speech, inability to concentrate, to gather thoughts. The treatment method is simple - make up for fluid loss, drink water. It’s better to drink warm water - your body will absorb it better than chilled water.
FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BRITISH MARINE
How to deal with dehydration
The English “Arctic knights” are genuine experts in matters related to overcoming the harsh natural factors of the cold climate zone, including dehydration, which in cold climates can become one of the main problems.
• The affected comrade must be kept warm.
• It is necessary to weaken the constricting elements of clothing to normalize blood circulation.
• The victim must be watered with salted water at the rate of one teaspoon of salt per two liters of water.
• Provide peace to the victim
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All physical activity must be minimized. It is necessary to carry out work slowly in order to spend as little energy as possible, while resting regularly. In a hot climatic zone, try to do basic work at night or in the coolest time of the day. In addition, to minimize evaporation from the skin, it is necessary not to remove clothing. Even if there is an irresistible urge to undress in a hot time, do not do it! Sweat-soaked clothing cools the air that remains between the layer of clothing and the body well, resulting in reduced activity of the sweating glands, and as a result, the loss of fluid by the body.
In hot climatic zones you should wear clothes of light colors - it reflects most of the sun's rays and minimizes overheating of the body.
Water transportation
A water flask should be an important element in the equipment of any traveler. There are both plastic and metal (aluminum or steel) models. Remember that a metal flask, unlike a plastic one, can be set to warm up on fire if necessary.
Water search
Despite the description of the water sources will be given in the chapters devoted to survival in certain specific conditions, it is useful for any traveler to know the signs by which to find the source of water, as well as methods for obtaining water.
Indicators of the presence of water are:
• Clusters or insect colonies - pay special attention to bees and ants.
• BIRDS can gather near water bodies, but keep in mind that waterfowl can be found at a great distance from the nearest body of water, their presence may not mean that there is a source of water nearby. Birds of prey make up for the loss of fluid by consuming the blood of their victims, they are not dependent on water sources or reservoirs.
FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BRITISH CAC
Minimize water loss
Employees of the British Special Aviation Service, who may need to survive behind enemy lines with very limited supplies, are familiar with methods to minimize body fluid loss.
• You need to rest as much as possible.
• Smoking and drinking alcohol are not allowed - the body needs a lot of liquid to break down alcohol, while smoking increases thirst.
• Be in the shade.
• Avoid lying on hot or heated surfaces.
• Food intake should be minimized, as the body uses water to break it down, which in turn exacerbates dehydration.
• Talk less, try to breathe with your nose, not your mouth.
• EXTRAORDINARY VEGETATION OF VARIOUS SPECIES, GROWING COMPACT. Typically, such thickets mean that the plants drink from a source of groundwater, located near the surface of the earth.
• Dense and juicy herbs.
• ANIMAL TRACKS FREQUENTLY LEAD TO WATER.
• CRACKS AND EMPTYES IN THE STONE. Limestone and lava rocks are the most likely location for water sources and springs. Lava rock has in its thickness many bubbles and cavities through which
water may leak.
• A CRACK IN THE ROCK AROUND WHICH IS AN ACCUMULATION OF BIRD'S LITTER, can indicate a source of water hidden from the eyes, which can be reached with a straw.
• LOW AND VALLEES. Digging in the lowlands, you can easily reach the horizon of groundwater
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Water extraction methods
A solar evaporator is an excellent installation for producing water. Dig a hole with a diameter of about 1 m and a depth of about 60 cm; in the middle of the bottom of the hole, dig a water tank with an open top. Lower the end of the rubber hose into the container, and bring the other end out of the hole. Then loosely tighten the pit with plastic wrap, squeeze the film around the edges with stones, and in the middle, above the water tank, place a load, such as a small stone, on the film to form a funnel from the film. Solar heat increases the temperature of the air and soil in the pit, which leads to intense evaporation of groundwater.
Steam condenses on polyethylene and flows in the form of drops into a container.
A solar evaporator can also be used to clean contaminated or seawater. To do this, it is necessary to dig a circular groove around the evaporation pit with a depth of 25-30 cm and pour untreated water into it. The soil filters the water before it enters the evaporation pit.
Vegetation bag). Cut fresh foliage, shrub branches, ferns, or grass and place in a large, clean plastic bag. Tighten the bag tightly and place it in the sun. Heat will evaporate moisture contained in plants. ATTENTION! Toxins contained in plants can get into the water obtained in this way. If bitterness is felt in water, it is better not to drink it.
Evaporation bag. The easiest way to get water. Place the branch of the plant or shrub in a large clean plastic bag, tie the neck of the bag on the branch. Tie a weight to the bottom of the bag, which should pull the bottom, on which the trapped water will collect, down.
FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF US Air Force Pilots
Use of an evaporative bag. US Air Force pilots have the skills to get water using an evaporative bag in the event of a disaster over hostile territory.
• Every day you need to use a new branch.
• Water must be collected at the end of daylight hours.
Rainwater harvesting. The simplest method of collecting rainwater is to collect it from an inclined tree. Find a tilted tree, wrap it in several turns of fabric and hang the tip of the fabric down. Substitute a water tank under it
Rotorm - Tactical Products
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All physical activity must be minimized. It is necessary to carry out work slowly in order to spend as little energy as possible, while resting regularly. In a hot climatic zone, try to do basic work at night or in the coolest time of the day. In addition, to minimize evaporation from the skin, it is necessary not to remove clothing. Even if there is an irresistible urge to undress in a hot time, do not do it! Sweat-soaked clothing cools the air that remains between the layer of clothing and the body well, resulting in reduced activity of the sweating glands, and as a result, the loss of fluid by the body.
In hot climatic zones you should wear clothes of light colors - it reflects most of the sun's rays and minimizes overheating of the body.
Water transportation
A water flask should be an important element in the equipment of any traveler. There are both plastic and metal (aluminum or steel) models. Remember that a metal flask, unlike a plastic one, can be set to warm up on fire if necessary.
Water search
Despite the description of the water sources will be given in the chapters devoted to survival in certain specific conditions, it is useful for any traveler to know the signs by which to find the source of water, as well as methods for obtaining water.
Indicators of the presence of water are:
• Clusters or insect colonies - pay special attention to bees and ants.
• BIRDS can gather near water bodies, but keep in mind that waterfowl can be found at a great distance from the nearest body of water, their presence may not mean that there is a source of water nearby. Birds of prey make up for the loss of fluid by consuming the blood of their victims, they are not dependent on water sources or reservoirs.
FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BRITISH CAC
Minimize water loss
Employees of the British Special Aviation Service, who may need to survive behind enemy lines with very limited supplies, are familiar with methods to minimize body fluid loss.
• You need to rest as much as possible.
• Smoking and drinking alcohol are not allowed - the body needs a lot of liquid to break down alcohol, while smoking increases thirst.
• Be in the shade.
• Avoid lying on hot or heated surfaces.
• Food intake should be minimized, as the body uses water to break it down, which in turn exacerbates dehydration.
• Talk less, try to breathe with your nose, not your mouth.
• EXTRAORDINARY VEGETATION OF VARIOUS SPECIES, GROWING COMPACT. Typically, such thickets mean that the plants drink from a source of groundwater, located near the surface of the earth.
• Dense and juicy herbs.
• ANIMAL TRACKS FREQUENTLY LEAD TO WATER.
• CRACKS AND EMPTYES IN THE STONE. Limestone and lava rocks are the most likely location for water sources and springs. Lava rock has in its thickness many bubbles and cavities through which
water may leak.
• A CRACK IN THE ROCK AROUND WHICH IS AN ACCUMULATION OF BIRD'S LITTER, can indicate a source of water hidden from the eyes, which can be reached with a straw.
• LOW AND VALLEES. Digging in the lowlands, you can easily reach the horizon of groundwater
Rotorm - Military Products
https://rotorm.com/
Water extraction methods
A solar evaporator is an excellent installation for producing water. Dig a hole with a diameter of about 1 m and a depth of about 60 cm; in the middle of the bottom of the hole, dig a water tank with an open top. Lower the end of the rubber hose into the container, and bring the other end out of the hole. Then loosely tighten the pit with plastic wrap, squeeze the film around the edges with stones, and in the middle, above the water tank, place a load, such as a small stone, on the film to form a funnel from the film. Solar heat increases the temperature of the air and soil in the pit, which leads to intense evaporation of groundwater.
Steam condenses on polyethylene and flows in the form of drops into a container.
A solar evaporator can also be used to clean contaminated or seawater. To do this, it is necessary to dig a circular groove around the evaporation pit with a depth of 25-30 cm and pour untreated water into it. The soil filters the water before it enters the evaporation pit.
Vegetation bag). Cut fresh foliage, shrub branches, ferns, or grass and place in a large, clean plastic bag. Tighten the bag tightly and place it in the sun. Heat will evaporate moisture contained in plants. ATTENTION! Toxins contained in plants can get into the water obtained in this way. If bitterness is felt in water, it is better not to drink it.
Evaporation bag. The easiest way to get water. Place the branch of the plant or shrub in a large clean plastic bag, tie the neck of the bag on the branch. Tie a weight to the bottom of the bag, which should pull the bottom, on which the trapped water will collect, down.
FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF US Air Force Pilots
Use of an evaporative bag. US Air Force pilots have the skills to get water using an evaporative bag in the event of a disaster over hostile territory.
• Every day you need to use a new branch.
• Water must be collected at the end of daylight hours.
Rainwater harvesting. The simplest method of collecting rainwater is to collect it from an inclined tree. Find a tilted tree, wrap it in several turns of fabric and hang the tip of the fabric down. Substitute a water tank under it
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